While Several Of His Future Colleagues Were Half-orphans Or Otherwise Must Have Had A Rather Unhappy

While several of his future colleagues were half-orphans or otherwise must have had a rather unhappy childhood, Auguste Frédéric Viesse de Marmont for once comes from a perfect background: only, dearly beloved son of a family of landed gentry. His father Nicolas-Edme had married the daughter of a wealthy Parisian civil servant, the spouses were very much in love with each other and would remain so throughout their lives. Auguste’s older sister died at the age of eight, and his parents doted on their surviving child all the more. His father in particular watched over everything, from Auguste’s first teeth to his education, and during his son’s childhood illnesses, his father noted down every little thing in a diary (which still exists): Sweating, meals eaten, hoarseness and breathing and consistency of bowel movements.

Franck Favier in his book on Marmont cites a passage from this journal to show the timetable for young Auguste’s education:

Up at 7 a.m., then his prayers, cleaning his ears, washing his hands and mouth with a sponge, and all this within half an hour.

At half-past seven, practice of his violin.

At eight, breakfast; breakfast taking half an hour.

Recreation until 9 o'clock.

At 9 o'clock, ten verses by heart.

At half-past nine, first lesson in drawing circles and ovals.

At a quarter past ten, recreation until a quarter to eleven.

At a quarter to eleven, reading and hairdressing.

At half past eleven, geometry instruction until noon.

Recreation until half-past twelve and after his lunch until three-quarters past one.

At 2 o'clock, drawing instruction for heads…

(Translated from F. Favier, “Marmont. Le Maudit”)

Starting at the age of nine, there’s also a comprehensive physical training with running, jumping and marching. Papa Marmont hired teachers for his son’s early education before sending him to a collège where Auguste would befriend a rather unruly fellow student named Andoche Junot destined to become a lawyer, but already dreaming of soldiering and the glory of arms. A dream young Auguste soon shared. A little grumbling (he surely had not groomed this perfect son to see his talents wasted in the army!) Papa Marmont gave in to his son’s wishes, under the condition that Junior would join the artillery, where he at least had to use his head and even might learn a thing or two that would later prove useful outside the army, in real life… This new career path in the end led Marmont to meeting a certain Napoleon Bonaparte, in Dijon 1791.

Let’s fast-forward a little: Robespierre’s fall, Bonaparte imprisoned, Marmont and Junot planning to free him, Bonaparte in semi-disgrace, Papa Marmont feeding the trio, then 13 Vendémière, Marmont becoming aide-de-camp to general Bonaparte, following him to Italy…

It’s in autumn 1796 when Marmont, in triumph, brings to Paris some flags taken from the enemy. To mark the occasion, the ultra-rich Swiss banker Perrégaux gives a ball in his Paris residence, with the dashing young war hero at the centre of attention. Perrégaux’s daughter Hortense immediately falls in love. Hard.

Hortense (born in 1779) was yet another disciple of Madame Campan’s famous institute of future imperial brides, and a good friend of the other Hortense, Hortense de Berauharnais. (Call me biased all you want but there is a pattern there.) She was also intelligent, witty, strong-willed and her father’s spoilt favourite. She proved this strength of will to her father, when the latter began to look for a husband for his daughter over the next few months (a husband who was not called “Marmont”, obviously, because a simple soldier was not an appropriate match). Hortense however refused to even look at the candidates. In April 1797, she went so far as to lock herself up in her room for days … and of course she got her way in the end. By May 1797, Papa Perrégaux promised her she could have that nobody of a soldier if she insisted.

Marmont, as to him, had long returned to Italy and was blissfully unaware of the storm he had caused in one of the first families of Paris. As a matter of fact, in that same May 1797 Bonaparte gave him a furious telling-off, for Marmont had returned to headquarters twenty-four hours late. Twenty-four hours that he had apparently spent in the arms of some Venetian beauty. (In his memoirs Marmont claims that Napoleon in July of that year wanted to marry him to his sister Pauline, which seems to be an obvious lie as by the time Marmont claims the proposal was made, Pauline was already engaged to Leclerc.)

It’s only in April 1798 when Marmont and Mlle Perrégaux finally tie the knot. Of course, for Marmont these new family relations are a dream come true. His young wife brings him a million in dowry. Both spouses have beauty, wit and intelligence and are adored by tout Paris.

Difficulties start as soon as the young couple visits Marmont’s family estate in Châtillon-sur-Seine. Living in the province, with only a couple of old-fashioned landed gentry for company, clearly is not to Hortense’s likings. Particularly, as Marmont soon leaves her alone in this hillbilly family circle, in order to follow Napoleon to Egypt. Soon enough, Hortense returns to Paris and lives with her father again.

That’s where Marmont will find her on his return from Egypt, and for some time, all seems fine again (despite Papa and Maman Marmont being decidedly unhappy with that spoilt brat of a daughter-in-law). The couple moves into a house of their own, Marmont starts to show first signs of vanity and shows of his wealth in the style of a true nouveau riche, even somewhat alienating himself from his parents. Hortense, as to her, is often invited to Malmaison, much to Marmont’s chagrin – the new court forming there to him seems a bit too permissive in terms of morals. As a matter of fact, he even suspects the First Consul of having set his eyes on Madame Marmont!

Let’s fast-forward again as things start to turn ugly rather quickly in Marmont’s marriage: He has always been a favourite with the ladies, sees no reason to stop that, and his wife, not used to giving up on any of her whims, will soon start to have affairs of her own. Marmont suspects her of having affairs with Napoleon and with her father’s partner Laffitte.

On 10 December 1807, while Marmont is in Dalmatia, a boy named Jacques Alfred Valberg is born in Paris. Eight months later, an ADC of Marmont’s recognises him as his son, the mother in the papers being named as Marie Perdraux, living in rue de Hazard. - Considering that this boy will be the sole heir of Hortense Perregaux-Marmont’s fortune in 1857, certain suspicions may be allowed…

By the time Marmont receives his marshal’s baton, his marriage is long in shambles. And yet they can’t divorce, they are kept together by – money. Both have grown fond of luxury, both love to overspend, and Marmont’s family relations to the banker’s family are necessary for him to keeo up his life style. He has shares in many of his father-in-law’s business projects.

It’s only during the Restauration, when he has become the infamous »Duc de Raguse« that he will officially separate from his wife (but not divorce). She will live a couple of years longer than him, and it would be interesting to hear her thoughts on her husband’s famous memoirs. He does not treat her kindly in them.

Ney and his tarot card

I want you to see his freckles

Good morning/day/evening/night to you, dear readers, and

Welcome to my TED-talk!

An enormous TED-talk about field-marshal Schwarzenberg, his military talents, the star-illness of tsar Alexander and Metternich and many other issues.

It all started with frustration about how emperor Alexander I wanted to reclaim the glory of the Sixth coalition “commander” and ended up with gigantic self-discourse based on my current knowledge of Napoleonic era, Austrian affairs at the time and incredible figure of field-marshal Schwarzenberg whom I adore with all my heart.

So, here is the main inflammation point.

"Alexander laughs at the armaments of Austria and said in front of Wolzogen and several other Russian generals: 'We'll see if I or Schwarzenberg was the greatest leader during the past campaigns.'"

"Wolzogen, who visited me yesterday, confirmed that Alexander would not be upset at all if he had an opportunity to demonstrate his talents as a military commander. According to his personal opinion - and then he fully echoed the words of his emperor - without the opportune intervention of Alexander, who had made adjustments to the imperfect disposition chosen by prince Schwarzenberg, the battle of Leipzig would have ended badly. Schwarzenberg, according to tsar, was made not to lead armies, but to conduct ministerial campaigns and other things alike."

…And now I’m ready to start (committing a mass murder) speaking out. 🇦🇹✨

***

As a person striving for the golden means in terms of historical objectivity, I’m obliged to make a remark - the question of Schwarzenberg's military merits is really not an unambiguous one. The prince himself revered the military path as his true vocation,

[Schwarzenberg to his wife, Maria Anna von Hohenfeld]

"How annoying I am to you, my Nani - I'm sorry, but you understand that we are allowed to perk up when it comes to the matters of the craft that we’ve been doing for a long time."

…although he served more out of a sense of duty, for his family and his fatherland, because of his high position in a society and not for the sake of "vain military tinsel" that many wanted to achieve through services in the army (it should be noted: this man had absolutely everything in his life by default, everything that other people, less wealthy and noble, dreamed of and for the sake of which they tore each other's throats, climbing the career ladder on their own).

[Schwarzenberg to Marianna]

"You are familiar with my principles, my Nani, you know that it is not at all a vain military tinsel that keeps me in my place; no one knows better than you that I am, perhaps, the only person in the army who serves solely out of conviction that it’s a duty that my position imposes on me. Our happiness depends entirely on the preservation of the social order (I immensely respect those rich aristocrats from the past, who were at least aware of what exactly their personal "happiness" depended on); unfortunately, my reputation in military circles, attached to that of a decent man, already sets me apart too much, which is why my desertion in reality will affect not so much the whole picture, but the effect it will produce in a society."

Anyway, questions of military nature ignited him much more than diplomatic and court routine, for sure. The latter... bored him usually.

[Schwarzenberg to Marianna]

"Foreigners are received here very courteously, I cannot but praise them for politeness with which they shower me, but such a lifestyle repels me in particular. To rack my head all day in order not to say something completely inappropriate, to constantly turn to the right, then to the left, to pirouette like a dancer, bowing to everyone who is present - this fatigue, this boredom make me sweat a lot day after day."

What’s immensely interesting, Schwarzenberg possessed the mind of a thorough and meticulous observer at the same time: despite boredom and regular ailments, he perfectly grasped all the trends looming on the political horizon. I believe these prudence and insight were the main reason why Metternich valued Schwarzenberg so much and therefore turned to him for cooperation on a common basis (not to mention the fact that both gentlemen considered themselves entitled to actively interfere in the political life of the country that was their native (after all, Klemens is a man of the Holy Roman Empire and therefore subsequently considered himself "his own" in Austria, although the Viennese court refused him this honor with enviable regularity)).

[Here is one of Metternich’s letters]

"The best way I can summarize all of the above is with the saying which I find in the last letter addressed to me by Prince Schwarzenberg: "The fall of a great man is heavyweight!“ This expression is so apt that all the calculations of Austria and the poor middlemen should be aimed at ensuring that we are not crushed."

[And here is a fragment of my favourite Metternich’s biography in Russian]

“On December 20, 1812, Schwarzenberg's auxiliary corps was advancing towards Warsaw to prevent the Prussians from invading deep into the territory of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Schwarzenberg's position can be judged by his own words: "The more both colossi [meaning Russia and France] mutually weaken each other, the better." With a soldier's straight-forwardness, he expressed what was now on Metternich's mind.”

However, Metternich remained a professional diplomat who did not combine this path with the military one, unlike many other employees of the imperial diplomatic corps - same Schwarzenberg, Bubna, Neyperg, etc. In fact, as Marshal Marmont later wrote, Klemens was never able to understand the "true essence" of the war, even if he had personally followed more than one major battle.

[Here is that brilliant characteristic Marmont gave him]

"Like many people, he [Metternich] had a great predilection to believe in what he wanted. Similarly, he had an exceptional claim to the honor of being born with a military genius, and - surprisingly - this is exactly what prince Metternich, who had been living during wartime for so long among the most outstanding generals of his era and had been following many armies, did not understand at all, when it came to the moral side of the war. A person, gifted with the qualities he possessed, had to unravel it immediately, as soon as he found himself on the battlefield, and had to be amazed at the mysteries that accompany it." (In other words, Klemens suffered from the same star-illness that struck poor emperor Alexander: it's hard to be a diplomat during the time of constant wars and not start wanting to snatch a piece of military glory to yourself. It’s very, very hard).

Prince Karl, on the contrary, perfectly delved into all the subtleties of war - his discretion in making decisions on which the lives of hundreds of thousands soldiers depended was worth a lot.

For Schwarzenberg, war was a "craft": he certainly knew how to kill (frenzied passion for hunting on the verge of obsession is a proof to that - it’s, of course, their house’s specialty (and a major trend for many aristocratic families at the time), but without personal inclination it wouldn’t last for long).

[Emperor Napoleon in one of his letters]

"... that if I invited Prince Schwarzenberg to hunt as a correction, it is primarily because of the wedding circumstances, and also because he is greatly amused by it as a military man."

And if we speak about prince's combat talents directly, we have to state that he, unfortunately, could not fully reveal himself as a supreme commander. The campaigns of 1813-1814 did not allow him to fully develop, even though during his military career Schwarzenberg managed to prove himself as a fairly capable field commander who won local victories with the help of those limited military forces he had at hand (Neervinden, Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Ulm, Austerlitz, Wagram).

That is, he held himself with dignity in one-on-one battles. In terms of supreme command the same Archduke Karl probably surpassed him, it’s true. He just had much more experience in that field. And who, if not the emperor with the archdukes have to rule the armies! *sounds of sarcasm*

One way or another, we wouldn’t know the true military potential of Schwarzenberg, because, I repeat, in the wars of 1813-1814 (including 1812, although the auxiliary corps meant almost nothing at the time; and then prince Karl covered the retreat of the Grand Army brilliantly, as he was ordered, until Vienna recalled him in February 1813) the Austrians had a lot at stake. Therefore, Schwarzenberg behaved himself as carefully as he could, giving way to any diplomatic endeavours, which Metternich, for his part, conducted purely in the interests of the empire.

[Schwarzenberg to Metternich]

"Don't leave me, my dear friend. You promised me in Frankfurt, while I was actively implementing military operations, to launch peace negotiations; I kept my promise, but alas, how far behind you are!"

Thus, no such full-scale… massacre was taking place as in the campaigns of the Third and Fourth (and even the Fifth) Coalitions, where all sorts of marshals and generals were shining exceptionally bright and Schwarzenberg, at his turn, could prove himself at the higher commanding post.

Despite this uncertainty, I believe that Schwarzenberg certainly possessed greater military talents and experience in combat operations than AlexanderI. In the coalition ranks tsar was assigned with a powerful consolidating function. Actually, that’s why it was decided in the first place to choose an Austrian commander-in-chief for the Allied army - simply to glue everyone to each other. However, this same Austrian commander not only ruled the armies, receiving thousands of unnecessary tips and reprimands from all sides, but also reconciled everyone much more effectively than tsar, whom the glory of great generals of his time hit strongly in the head…

But it’s a completely different story, isn’t it, historians of my fatherland and some other historiographers?)))

The same Metternich, with his usual exorbitant self-esteem, eventually began to attribute the triumph over Napoleon exclusively to himself, to his own clever political moves. Alas, there was no place under the sun for his colleague whose incredible perseverance made this triumph even possible in the first place.

Three days of mourning after field-marshal’s death look truly indecent against all the efforts made by Prince Schwarzenberg, who absolutely ruined his own health in the name of the greater good and in the last years of his life lost all hope for a long happy old age surrounded by his beloved wife Marianna, their three sons Friedrich, Karl and Edmund, numerous relatives and friends (most of whom passed away quickly as well).

In my humble opinion, the willpower and dedication of this one-of-a-kind man should be admired to the depth of our human souls and serve as an example to us all. An example of what a long, persistent, thankless diligence in a field that does not bring you much enthusiasm where, after all the hard work you’ve done, you are denied even minor merits and recognition can lead to.

Dixi. 🏛

Und lodernd brennt das Firmament

In der Völkerschlacht

That nice feeling when you’re finally getting out of an art-block with much inspiration and excitement for the future projects. :)

Due to the occasion comes victorious field-marshal as a warming up piece! Just to sum up that lengthy conversation started at the beginning of the week. 🇦🇹✨

And a poster-like appeal which suits the occasion perfectly! (Of course the font style called “Deutsch-Gotic” will have problems with Umlauts, of course… 🙄)

This painting looks familiar but I can’t remember what it is (saw on pinterest). It looks like surrender at Ulm.

Metternich