Lesson 4: Consonants

Lesson 4: Consonants

Basic Consonants:

ㄱ - 기역 (Giyuk) = G 

ㄴ - 니은 (Nieun) = N 

ㄷ - 디귿 (Digeut) = D 

ㄹ - 리을 (Rieul) = R 

When ‘ㄹ’ is the first consonant, it sounds somewhere between ‘r’ & ‘L’ 

When ‘ㄹ’ is the final consonant, it sounds similar to ‘L’ as in bell. 

There are few Korean words starting with ‘ㄹ’ you will mostly likely see the foreign/borrowed words starting with ‘ㄹ’ because of the ㄹ initial sound rule. 

ㄹ initial sound rule: words starting with ㄹ should be converted to ㄴ or ㅇ ex. 로동 (x) → 노동 (0).

ㅁ - 미음 (Mieum) = M 

ㅂ - 비음 (Bieup) = B

ㅅ - 시읏 (Siot) = S 

Somewhere between ‘s’ and ‘sh’ sound in English. 

When paired with ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ, ㅣ, the pronunciation of ㅅ is closer to ‘sh’. 

When paired with ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅔ, ㅐ, the pronunciation of ㅅ is closer to ‘s’. 

When ㅅ is used as a final consonant, the pronunciation of ㅅ is closer to ‘t’. 

ㅇ - 이응 (ieung) = Ng

As the first consonant: No sound.

As the final consonant: Ng sound. 

ㅈ - 지읒 (Jieut) = J 

As the first consonant: J sound.

As the final consonant & not followed by a vowel: T sound. 

ㅊ - 치읓 (Chieut) = Ch

As the first consonant: Ch sound. 

As the final consonant & not followed by a vowel: T sound. 

ㅋ - 키읔 (Kieuk) = K 

ㅌ - 티읕 (Tieut) = T 

ㅍ - 피읖 (Pieup) = P  

ㅎ - 히읗 (Hieut) = H 

Double Consonants: 

ㄲ - 쌍기역 (ssang-gi-yeok) = kk 

As the first consonant: kk sound. 

As the final consonant: k sound. 

ㄸ - 쌍디귿 (ssang-di-geut) = tt 

As the first consonant: tt sound. 

Not used as a final consonant. 

ㅃ - 쌍비읍 (ssang-be-eup) = bb 

As the first consonant: pp sound.

Not used as a final consonant. 

ㅆ - 쌍시옷 (ssang-si-ot) = ss

As the first consonant: ss sound.

As the final consonant: t sound.

ㅉ - 쌍지읒 (ssang-ji-eut) = jj

As the first consonant: jj sound.

Not used as a final consonant.

Congrats on learning the whole 한글 consonants. You guys will have an upcoming quiz about 한글. Be sure to study the 한글. The quiz will be posted on Wednesday. 

this post is meant to be a directory of every resource I come across for Mandarin, often referred to as Chinese or Standard Chinese. It will be a continuous work in progress so thank you for your patience! if you have any issues or things to add, please reply to this post!

info

history of the chinese writing system

“in mandarin chinese, we don’t say…”

language learning profile

playlist of samples

the languages gulper

wikipedia

Weiterlesen

Masterlist

이미 vs 벌써

Counters 

Progressive tense 

조금,정말,진짜,아주

-만

좋다 VS 좋아하다

Who,What,When,Where,Why

Vocabulary 

Seasons 

Languages/Nationalities

Days of the week 

Countries 

Animals 

Family

Sports 

Space/Nature 

 Dates

Plants

Fall

Christmas

Valentine’s Day

Birthday   

Kpop Vocabulary 

BTS - Boy With Luv 

Monsta X- Alligator 

(G)I-dle - LATATA 

Twice - Fancy 

Resources/Tips

Ways to stay motivated  

Weekly study plan

My Korean notebook

Apps 

Youtubers 

Apps/youtubers/websites

Get better at reading

I’m at level A2 in Spanish. What verbs should I know?

ser = to be (permanent, personality, height/weight, color, description)

estar = to be (temporary, location, mood, condition, wellness, dead/alive)

ver = to see (sometimes “to watch”)

ir = to go

hacer = to do/make [also used with many idiomatic expressions like hacer calor etc.]

salir = to go out, to exit

decir = to say

tener = to have [also used with many idiomatic expressions like tener hambre etc.]

dar = to give

poder = to be able to

poner = to put

querer = to want / to love

venir = to come

saber = to know (facts)

conocer = to know (people/places) / to meet

deber = must, should

llegar = to arrive

llevar = to carry, to bring

parecer = to seem, to appear (as if/like)

amar = to love (usually romantic)

recordar / acordarse = to remind, to recall / to remember [if you haven’t learned reflexives, then just ignore acordarse for now]

empezar/comenzar = to start/begin

pensar = to think (or sometimes “to plan to (do something)”)

escribir = to write

soñar (con) = to dream (of/about) 

gustar / encantar = to like, to really like [used with indirect objects]

resolver = to resolve, to solve

contestar = to answer

preguntar = to ask, to question, to wonder

dormir = to sleep

hablar = to speak

comer = to eat

vivir = to live

cocinar = to cook

preparar = to prepare / to cook

seguir = to continue, to follow

conseguir = to achieve, to get

darse cuenta = to realize (in the sense of having an epiphany or gaining understanding) [reflexives again]

correr = to run

andar = to go, to walk

haber = to exist, to have (done something) [only the basics of hay at this point probably for A2]

dejar = to leave / to stop, to quit

llamar = to call

encontrar = to find

buscar = to look for

necesitar = to need

permitir = to allow, to permit

tomar = to take / to drink (usually with drinks and/or medicine)

trabajar = to work

leer = to read

escuchar = to listen, to hear

oír = to hear

creer = to believe

decidir = to decide

tocar = to touch / to play (an instrument)

jugar = to play (a game/sport)

sentir = to feel, to sense, to noticesentirse = to feel (emotions)

levantar = to raise, to lift uplevantarse = to stand up

acabar = to finish, to end

terminar = to stop, to finish

esperar = to wait / to hope for

añadir/agregar = to add

volver = to return, to come back

regresar = to return

caer = to fall

comprar = to buy

vender = to sell

mentir = to lie, to tell a lie

mirar = to look, to stare, to watch

ganar = to win, to earn

cambiar = to change

estudiar = to study

nacer = to be born

nadar = to swim

volar = to fly

beber = to drink

ayudar = to help

abrir = to open

cerrar = to close

llorar = to cry

reír(se) = to laugh

sonreír = to smile

intentar = to try, to attempt

recibir = to receive, to get

colocar = to place, to put

saltar = to jump

notar = to notice

mandar = to send / to give orders

enviar = to send

parar = to stop (doing something), to not move

construir = to build, to construct

destruir = to destroy

asistir = to attend, to assist

realizar = to accomplish, to finalize

lograr = to achieve, to accomplish, to get done

cumplir = to comply, to fulfill [in the A2 level this would show up more with the idea of birthdays as in “to turn (X number of years)”]

convertir(se) = to change (into), to convert

guardar = to hold onto, to save/reserve, to keep (objects/promises/silence)

ahorrar = to save (money)

despertar(se) = to awaken, to wake up

bañar(se) = to bathe, to take a bath

duchar(se) = to shower, to take a shower

replicar = to reply

responder = to respond, to answer

servir = to serve

invitar = to invite / to pay for, to treat

resultar = to happen [when used with indirect objects it means “to seem like”]ocurrir = to occur

considerar = to consider, to think about

llover = to rain

nevar = to snow

adquirir = to acquire

alquilar = to rent

prestar = to borrow

arreglar = to fix

corregir = to correct

examinar = to examine, to look over

pasar = to pass [also used in many idiomatic expressions]

quedar = to remainquedarse = to stay / to become [situationally]

entrar = to enter

repasar = to go over, to review

revisar = to revise, to look at

quitar = to remove, to get rid of

sacar = to take out

pedir = to request, to ask for

morir (probably) = to die

There might be some repeats or things I missed here. But these are the ones I could think of off the top of my head.

If there are any major ones people think of, let me know!

普通話200個基本詞語/普通话200个基本词语

In connection to this post about only needing 200 words

Feel free to contact me and help me edit this post! There are definitely things on here that can’t be explained in a straight-forward way. Mandarin can’t be translated so directly compared to other Indo-European languages!

1st tone (high neutral): mā 2nd tone (rising): má 3rd tone (falling rising): mǎ 4th tone (falling): mà 5th tone (neutral): ma

*When there are two 3rd tones together, the first one becomes a 2nd tone.

suǒ yǐ -> suó yǐ

be － 是 shì

there is － 有 yǒu

have － 有 yǒu

do－做 zuò

create (aka “make”) －創造／造（创造)  chuàng zào/zào

cause (aka “make”)－讓（让）ràng

go－去 qù

say－講（more casual) （讲）jiǎng

speak －說（说）shuō

know－知道 （only for knowledge)（知道）zhīdào

think－想 xiǎng

want－想要 xiǎngyào

like－喜歡（喜欢）xǐhuān

can－可以 kě yǐ

need－要 yào

should－應該 （应该）yīnggāi

try－試（试）shì

feel－感覺（感觉)  gǎnjué

work (also as a noun) －工作 gōng zuò

learn－學（学）xué

understand－懂／明白 dǒng/míng bái

get (meaning “obtain”)－得 dé

use－用 yòng

start－開始（开始）kāi shǐ

eat－吃 chī

see－看 kàn

write－寫（写）xiě

give－給（给）gěi

sleep－睡覺（睡觉）shuì jiào

buy－買（买）mǎi

decide－決定 jué dìng

find－找 zhǎo

ask－問（问）wèn

meet (meaning to meet someone for the first time)－認識（认识）rèn shi

meet (meaning “meet up with”)－見面（见面）jiàn miàn

take－拿 nǎ

Phrases

hello－你好 nǐ hǎo

goodbye－再見（再见）zài jiàn

My name is… － 我的名字是… wo de míng zi shì

“Nice to meet you.” －（Not said often in Chinese) 我很高興認識你（我很高兴认识你）wǒ hěn gāo xìng rèn shì nǐ

yes－(no direct translation, closest is the word “to be”) 是 shì

no－不是 bú shì

okay－好 hǎo

please－(no direct translation) 請- qǐng

thank you－謝謝（谢谢）xiè xiè

you’re welcome－不客氣（不客气）bú kè qì

sorry－對不起（对不起）duì bù qi

excuse me (to catch someone’s attention)－欸 èi

well (as in “Well, I think that…”)－那 nà

Really?－真的嗎？（真的吗？）zhēn de ma

Conjunctions

that (as in “I think that…” or “the woman that…”) (doesn’t exist in Chinese)

and－和／而且／跟 hé/ěr qiě/gēn

or－或 huò

but－但是 dàn shì

though－可是 kē shì

because－因為（因为）yīn wèi

therefore－所以 suǒ yǐ

if－如果 rú guǒ

Prepositions

before (also as a conjunction)－以前 yǐ qián after (also as a conjunction)－後來（后来）hòu lái

from－從 （从）cóng to－到 dào

in－在（like “in a house”, 在家里面) zài

at (place)－在 zài

at (time)－在 zài

with－跟 gēn

about (approximately）－大概／大約（大约）dà gài/dà yuè

like (meaning “similar to”)－像 xiàng

for (warning, this one has several meanings that you need to take care of)

for (give to) you－給你（给你）gěi nǐ

Adjectives and adverbs

Know both the adjective and adverb forms of these words.

a lot－很多 hěn duō a little－很少／一點（一点）hěn shǎo/yī dian

good / well－好／很好 hǎo/hěn hǎo bad / badly－不好／差 bù hǎo/chā

more (know how to say “more … than”)－比（A）（verb)  bǐ better (often irregular and not just “more good”)－更好 gèng hǎo

most－最 zuì

enough－夠（够）gòu

right－對（对）duì wrong－錯（错）cuò

Adjectives

the, a (technically articles) - no definite articles in Chinese

this (also as a noun) 這（这）zhè that (also as a noun) 那 nà

all－所有 suǒ yǒu some－一些 yī xiē no－沒有／無 méi yǒu/wú

other－別的 bié de

any－所有 suǒ yǒu

easy－容易／簡單（简单）róng yì hard－難（难）nán

early－早 zǎo late－晚 wǎn

important－重要 zhòng yào

cool (as in “that’s cool”)－酷 kù

same－一樣（一样）yí yàng

different－不同 bù tóng

beautiful－美麗／漂亮（美丽） měi lì/piào liàng

Adverbs

very－很 hěn

too (as in “too much”)－太 tài

also－還有（还有）hái yǒu

only－只 zhǐ

now－現在（现在）xiàn zài

here－這裡（这里）zhè li

maybe－可能 kě néng

always－永遠（永远）yǒng yuán often－常常／時常（时常）cháng cháng/ shí cháng sometimes－有時（有时）yǒu shí never－從來／從不（从来／从不）cóng bù

today (also as a noun)－今天 jīn tiān yesterday－昨天 zuó tiān tomorrow－明天 míng tiān

almost－快要／快會（快会）kuài yào/kuài huì

still－還（还）hái

already－已經（已经）yǐ jīng

even－都 dōu

Nouns

Chinese has “measure words”, which is like “a/an” in English.

一个 is used for most objects (people, some objects)

一杯 is used for cups and bottles [of liquid] 

thing－東西（东西) dōng xi

person－人 rén

place－地方 dì fāng

everything－所有的東西（所有的东西）suǒ yǒu de dōng xī something－一些東西（一些东西）yì xiē dōng xī nothing－沒有（没有）méi yǒu

time (as in “a long time”)－時間（时间）shí jiān

time (as in “I did it 3 times”)－次 cì

friend－朋友 péng yǒu

mother, father, parent－媽媽／母親，爸爸／父親，父母（妈妈／母亲，爸爸／父亲）mā ma/mǔ qīn, bà ba/fù qīn, fù mǔ

daughter, son, child－女兒，兒子，孩子 nǚ ér, ér zi, hái zi

wife, husband－妻子／老婆／太太，先生／老公／丈夫 qì zi/lǎo pó/tài tai, xiān shēng/lǎo gōng/zhàng fu

girlfriend, boyfriend－女朋友，男朋友 nǚ péng yǒu, nán péng yǒu

breakfast－早餐 zǎo cān

lunch－午餐 wǔ cān

dinner－晚餐 wǎn cān

money－錢（钱）qián

day－日／天 rì/tiān

year－年 nián

hour－小時（小时）xiao shí

week－星期 xīng qī

country－國家（国家）guó jiā

city－城市 chéng shì

language－語言（语言）yu yán

word－字 zì

Internet－網路（网路）wǎng lù

house－家／房子／屋子 jiā/fáng zi/wu zi

office－辦公室（办公室）bàn gōng shì

company－公司 gōng sī

Question Words

who－誰（谁）shéi

what－什麼（什么）shén me

where－哪裡（哪里）ná lǐ

when－什麼時候（什么时候）shén me shí hòu

why－為什麼（为什么）wèi shén me

how－怎麼（怎么）zěn me

how much－多少 duō shǎo

Pronouns

Know them in the subject (“I”), direct object (“me”), indirect object (“to me”), and possessive (“my”) forms.

I－我 wǒ

you－你 nǐ

she, he－她，他 tā

it－它／他 tā

we－我們 wǒ men

you (plural)－你們（你们）nǐ men

they－他們／她們（他们／她们）tā men

when i pass people on the duolingo leaderboards i hope they know i'm doing it with gleeful malice in my heart. i'm not doing it on accident and i'm not thinking haha yay i'm thinking everybody get fucked this is call of duty to me