Hello! Thank You For The Boop Help (and Sorry For My Boop Spam On My End!) I Was Wondering, How Do You

Hello! Thank you for the Boop help (and sorry for my Boop spam on my end!) I was wondering, how do you get the black paw badge?

Hiyaa!

Np:) Thank you also for the boops!

You can get the black paw badge by giving 1000 boops. Hope this helps:)

Alternia solani

Alternia solani is a fungal pathogen that produces a disease in various memebers of the Solanum genus called early blight.¹

Host plants

Host plants include various members of the Solanum genus. Such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), aubergine (Solanum melongena), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and other pepper species (Capsicum spp.).²

Symptoms

The symptoms of early blight will vary depending on the host and plant tissue.²

Foliar symptoms are dark brown ranging to black necrosis. The first symptoms often appear on the older leaves as small, dark, necrotic lesions, a few millimetres in diameter, which increase in size. The lesions are sometimes restricted by leaf veins and will take on an angular shape. Within larger lesions, concentric rings (so called bullseye) can be seen, usually surrounded by a chlorotic, yellowing zone. The chlorosis can extend to the whole infected leaf. The infected lesions enlarge and the whole leaf becomes necrotic which results in premature defoliation.²

With tomato plants, the premature defoliation can cause injury to the fruits due to sunscald.²

"Bullseye" patterned leaf lesion of Alternaria solani on a tomato plant¹

On tomato, Alternia solani can cause symptoms on the stem. Dark and sunken lesions can appear on the stems of seedlings, called collar rot. The infected seedling shows reduced plant vigour or can die when the stem is completely girdled by the lesion. The main stem of adult tomato plants can also be infected, showing small, slightly sunken lesions. As on the leaves, typical concentric rings are visible on the infected stem.²

On green or ripe tomato fruits, dark lesions can occur at the end of the stem. Ripe fruits are less susceptible than semi-ripe ones. Heavily infected fruits will drop prematurely. On less resistant cultivars, the calyx and blossom also can be infected and show comparable symptoms.²

Stem lesion of Alternaria solani on a potato plant¹

The symptoms on potato tubers are dark, slightly sunken lesions (dry rot). The dry or hard rot of tubers causes storage losses, reduces the quality of table potatoes, and reduces the germination capacity of seed potatoes.²

Disease cycle

Alternaria solani has a polycyclic life cycle and reproduces asexually by means of conidia (spores).¹

A. solani is a necrotrophic pathogen: it kills the host tissue using cell wall degrading enzymes and toxins and feeds on the dead plant cell material.¹

The life cycle starts with the fungus overwintering in crop residues or wild members of the family Solanaceae. In the spring, conidia are produced. Multicellular conidia are splashed by water or by wind onto an uninfected plant. The conidia infect the plant by entering through stromata, small wounds, or direct penetration. Infections usually start on older leaves close to the ground. The fungus takes time to grow and eventually forms a lesion. From this lesion, more conidia are created and released. These conidia infect other plants or other parts of the same plant within the same growing season. Every part of the plant can be infected and form lesions. This is especially important when fruit or tubers are infected as they can be used to spread the disease.¹

Distribution and environment

Distribution of Alternia solani ²

Alternaria solani spores are universally present in fields where host plants have been grown.¹

Free water is required for the spores to germinate; spores will be unable to infect a perfectly dry leaf. Alternaria spores germinate within 2 hours over a wide range of temperatures but at 26.6–29.4 °C (79.9–84.9 °F) may only take half an hour. Another 3 to 12 hours are required for the fungus to penetrate the plant depending on temperature. After penetration, lesions may form within 2 to 3 days or the infection can remain dormant awaiting proper conditions. Alternaria sporulates best at about 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) when abundant moisture (as provided by rain, mist, fog, dew, irrigation, etc.) is present. Infections are most prevalent on poorly nourished or otherwise stressed plants.¹

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References

1.

en.wikipedia.org

Alternaria solani - Wikipedia

2.

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Mutuals:

@squidsandthings

@fungus-gnats

@fairy-tales-of-yesterday

@flamingears

@lameotello

@lovelyalicorn

Shaggy Inkcap - Coprinus comatus

These mushrooms are most commonly seen in grassland and other open habitats, it is also saprobic.¹ It is easy to recognize by its shaggy cap, when younger cylindrical and later on conical.

The shaggy inkcap's gills are free from the stem and release black spores.² Around the stipe it has got a ring (or as I call it: a skirt).

The pictures were taken sometime last fall, so like November 2023.

This is a spore print that I made. It can be a bit messy because the ink gets on your hands. However, it dries up like mud and you can just wipe it up, at least in my experience.

Sources used in the top paragraph (these might also be useful for if you wish to do your own research):

¹.

².

I went to the botanical gardens and found some cute critters...

Some frogs...

I think these are phantasmal poison frogs or Epipedobates tricolor, but I am not 100% sure.

Some koi fish...

And this majestic bug...

I think it's an Heteropteryx dilatata, but I am not sure...

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If anyone has a better idea of what some of these are, please let me know:)

Planned posts

Hiyaa, I'm planning on researching a few species of fungi and posting about them. However, I don't know when I'll be able to post, I do know what I'll post about though.

I will post about:

Small staghorn - Calocera cornea

Pixie's parasols - Mycena interrupta

Mycena subcyanocephala

Mycena chlorophos

I can also post about other fungi, just send in a request. I cannot promise, however that I'll be able to post quickly, but I will post about it.

The post about the small staghorn is almost finished actually, it's just that I'm really busy, so I'll probably post it Thursday or Friday.

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Mutuals:

@plants-and-thingz

@squidsandthings

@fairy-tales-of-yesterday

@flamingears

If you wanna get tagged in mycology posts, just leave a comment:)

I found some really cool lichen and moss, last saturday:)