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Sociopath

Sociopaths are people who suffer from a dissocial personality disorder. They have difficulty forming long-term relationships. Others often describe them as unscrupulous, callous or manipulative. You are extremely willing to take risks and behave irresponsibly in the eyes of others. Sometimes you come into conflict with the law.

What is the difference between a sociopath and a psychopath?

In specialist literature, the two terms sociopath and psychopath are not always strictly separated, although a distinction is useful. Psychopathy is the most extreme form of a dissocial personality disorder. While the sociopath acts impulsively, the psychopath plans his actions precisely and acts coolly and deliberately. There are the following differences in behaviour:

Sociopaths have feelings such as fear or anger. They quickly feel attacked and then react aggressively. This behaviour gets them into trouble and ensures that relationships are usually only superficial and short-lived.

Psychopaths, on the other hand, have themselves well under control. They also lack compassion, but they are very good at covering up this lack of empathy.

Psychopaths are highly functional and usually well integrated into society. They are extremely manipulative and easily gain the trust of others. As they can exploit others cold-bloodedly and unscrupulously, they are very dangerous.

There are also thought to be differences in the development of both clinical pictures. Experts believe that sociopathy is more likely to be triggered by a childhood trauma. The typical sociopath has almost always experienced abuse, violence or neglect as a child. Their antisocial behaviour often even serves as a survival strategy. Psychopathy, on the other hand, appears to be innate.

In psychopaths, the areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and empathy are not properly developed from birth.

The treatment options and prognoses are correspondingly different. While a dissocial personality disorder can be treated psychotherapeutically - an approach that plays a major role in the reintegration of offenders into society - it is apparently not possible to cure a genuine psychopath. Some experts even assume that the symptoms can be exacerbated by treatment. Accordingly, psychopaths have the highest recidivism rate among offenders.

Why pursue therapeutic measures when one can simply engage in the overtly illicit act? One need only join a party, and the criminal behaviour will be resolved when one has sufficient influence to petition a judge.

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Regardless of the fact that the act is an assassination, the assassin has given the emotionally unstable individual and his party, which acts without moral constraints, a considerable advantage.

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Causes of dissocial personality disorder

How an antisocial personality develops has not yet been conclusively clarified. Most scientists today assume a combination of genetic and environmental factors:

Genetic disposition: the likelihood of antisocial behavior is higher if one or both parents have already been affected by the disorder. A scientific study of twins has also confirmed that there is an overall genetic predisposition to all personality disorders. Other favorable factors are probably anxiety disorders, depression, alcoholism, drug addiction and suicide risk in the family.

Traumatic childhood experiences: Physical violence, sexual abuse and other traumatic relationship experiences in childhood increase the risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.

Serotonin deficiency: A lack of the neurotransmitter serotonin presumably ensures that sociopaths are unable to react adequately to emotional signals and generally feel less fear. On the one hand, this explains the lack of empathy for the suffering of others, but also the strong tendency towards risk-taking behavior. Some experts assume that people with a dissocial personality are generally understimulated. This is why they are constantly looking for a "kick" - on the one hand in dangerous sports, but also in criminal acts on the other.

Neurophysiological factors: Imaging studies indicate dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex of the brain in antisocial personalities. This is likely to be the trigger for the extreme emotional coldness, especially in the strongest form of psychopathy.

Signs: How to recognize a sociopath

People with antisocial disorder stand out due to their socially intolerant behavior. This often becomes apparent in childhood and adolescence.

Possible signs of a dissocial personality can be

Lack of empathy

emotional coldness

pronounced egocentric behavior

Lack of a sense of guilt and responsibility

Low frustration tolerance

strong impulsiveness

violence

Problems entering into long-term relationships

High willingness to take risks

Disregard for social norms and laws

Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder

Both the ICD-10 and DSM-V classification criteria can be used to diagnose the personality disorder.

According to ICD-10, dissocial personalities must have

character abnormalities such as egocentrism, lack of empathy and a lack of conscience and

there must be a considerable discrepancy between the behavior displayed and social norms. Criminal acts may occur, but are not essential for the diagnosis.

For a clear diagnosis, organic causes must have been ruled out.

In addition, at least three of the following characteristics must be fulfilled:

The affected person has a lack of empathy and shows callousness towards others.

He (or she) shows a clear and persistent irresponsible attitude and repeatedly disregards social norms and obligations.

He (or she) is unable to maintain lasting attachments or relationships with other people, although he (or she) has no difficulty forming relationships.

He has a low frustration tolerance and often behaves impulsively or aggressively.

The affected person feels little or no guilt and is unable to learn from negative experiences, especially punishment.

He tends to blame others or make excuses to explain his behavior, which has brought him into conflict with society.

The DSM-V is based on similar behavioral patterns, but emphasizes the criminal component, which manifests itself, for example, in violations of the law. In addition, according to this classification, the person affected must be at least 18 years old for the disorder to be reliably diagnosed, and the conspicuous behavior must have been apparent since at least the age of 15.