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How to Understand an Artwork: A Brief Guide

I've recently read a book by a French author that promised to teach the reader how to understand a painting.

Art is my special interest. I keep up with contemporary art, attend art fairs etc. I've been to major and minor museums, galleries and churches in Europe and the US. But I feel that there's always room for improvement when it comes to understanding art.

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991) by Damien Hirst

I went through this heavy tome full of the author's own convoluted interpretations of artworks. The book taught me nothing about how to interpret and understand a painting on my own. But it did inspire me to create my own guidelines for reading works of art.

🦋 Why Bother Understanding Art?

Artworks are rich in meaning, symbolism, and emotion. Learning how to read them can enhance your appreciation and understanding of art and, consequently, life. This includes your own life.

The Embarkation for Cythera (1717) by Jean-Antoine Watteau

I find art an incredible place to seek answers to life's questions. I'll show you how you can do this too.

Additionally, this guide contains some of my favorite artworks, old and contemporary.

🦋 1. Observe the Artwork Closely

First Impression: Start by taking in the artwork as a whole. What is your immediate emotional response? What catches your eye first?

Details: Examine the piece in detail. Notice the colors, lines, shapes, textures, and composition. Pay attention to the focal point - where your eye is naturally drawn.

🦋 2. Identify the Subject Matter

Figurative vs. Abstract: Determine if the artwork is representational (depicting recognizable objects or scenes) or abstract (focusing on shapes, colors, and forms without representing something specific).

Iconography: Look for symbols, figures, or objects that might carry specific meanings. For example, a skull might symbolize mortality, while a dove often represents peace.

Lake George (1922–1922) by Georgia O'Keeffe

🦋 3. Consider the Composition

Balance and Symmetry: Notice if the composition is balanced or symmetrical. How do these elements affect the mood or message of the artwork?

Perspective and Space: Observe the use of space. Is there a clear foreground, middle ground, and background? Does the perspective create a sense of depth or flatness?

🦋 4. Analyze the Use of Color

Color Palette: Identify the dominant colors. Are they warm or cool, bright or muted?

Color Symbolism: Consider the emotional or symbolic meanings of colors. For instance, red can signify passion or danger, while blue might evoke calmness or melancholy.

🦋 5. Explore the Technique and Medium

Brushstrokes and Texture: Look at how the artist applied the paint or medium. Are the brushstrokes smooth or rough? What effect does the texture have on the artwork’s feel?

Medium: Consider the medium used: oil, watercolor, pencil, sculpture, etc. How does the medium influence the artwork’s appearance and impact?

🦋 6. Contextualize the Artwork

Artist's Background: Research the artist’s life, style, and the historical period in which the artwork was created. Understanding the artist’s intent and the era can provide valuable insights.

Cultural and Historical Context: Consider the cultural, social, or political context of the time. How might these factors have influenced the artwork?

The Parakeet and the Mermaid (1952) by Henri Matisse

🦋 7. Interpret the Meaning

Narrative: If the artwork tells a story, try to piece it together. What is happening in the scene? What might have happened before or after the moment depicted?

Themes and Messages: Reflect on the themes or messages the artwork conveys. Is it making a statement about society, human nature, or a personal experience?

🦋 8. Engage with Your Personal Response

Emotional Reaction: Pay attention to your emotional response. Art can evoke a range of feelings, from joy to discomfort. Your reaction is a key part of the interpretation.

Subjective Interpretation: Remember that interpretation can be personal. Your background, experiences, and emotions can influence how you read an artwork. There’s no single “correct” interpretation.

I Want My Time With You (2018) by Tracey Emin

🦋 9. Ask Questions

What does this artwork remind you of?

Why did the artist choose this subject or style?

How does this artwork make you feel, and why?

🦋 10. Discuss with Others

The most useful tip I have for you: Share your thoughts and interpretations with others. Discussing different perspectives can deepen your understanding and appreciation of the artwork.

Reading an artwork is both an intellectual and emotional exercise. It’s about connecting with the piece and the artist, finding meaning, and appreciating the craft.

The more you practice, the more fluent you’ll become in the language of art.

I’m pretty sure I’m not the only one who has trouble remembering developmental milestones. I put these together, but can’t take credit for any of the photography. Hope someone finds them helpful!