Its 4am - Tumblr Posts
WE HAVE SOLVED THE MYSTERY OF WHY CELLS HATE NEUTROPHILS SO MUCH IN CAW
So, last night, my boyfriend and I got into some random discussion about programmed cell death and some new breakthroughs in medicine, you know, the usual things you talk about with your boyfriend at 1 AM. It is well known that leftover bodies of dead cells are phagocytosed (literally consumed) by macrophages. And that’s why I always wondered why aren’t cells scared of macrophages as much as they are of neutrophils, since neutrophils don’t consume the dead cells. With my limited understanding of immunity (which we technically don’t learn a lot about in biology) I thought that neutrophils only consumed invader bacteria and fungi.
And OH BOY was I wrong about that.
Because (and yes I have spent whole night researching this, I’ll provide the links to papers in the end lol) neutrophils are little freaks and not only do they phagocytose leftovers of cells they actually cause them to die in the first place. This happens during infections, especially with viruses that cause the excess release of cytokines (like Coronaviridae). Cytokines activate neutrophils who basically just follow the signal towards the infection site and there all hell breaks loose. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and virions (those are viruses that haven’t infected a cell yet) which is fine, but they also degranulate and NETose. I’ll explain this in simple terms to my best ability.
Degranulation is when granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mastocytes are all different granulocytes) release their granules which are kind of like little sacks inside their cytoplasm which contain various chemicals. Releasing these chemicals happens when the cell receives appropriate stimulus, the little granules expel their contents out of the cell’s interior. In the case of neutrophils, granules contain very toxic compounds that cause the formation of free radicals which damage DNA and proteins of the surrounding cells, as well as granules filled with digestive enzymes which, well, digest the surrounding tissues.
NETosis is a special type of cell death specific to neutrophils in which they literally degranulate pieces of their own, or their mitochondrial DNA together with more toxic compounds. This creates a net of DNA strands called chromatin which entangles invading bacteria and severely damages them and also marks them for phagocytosis by macrophages. But this process is not well controlled and some of that chromatin and toxic compounds can land onto neighboring cells which is, as you can conclude, very bad for them.
With these two abilities at hand, neutrophils are very well equipped to kill cells and destroy tissue. Which is good in cases when the cells are infected and the tissue is damaged, but their quite aggressive methods can damage healthy cells in the area as well, some of them will die and neutrophils will phagocytose their dead particles.
Basically, to neutrophils every infection is a huge kill and eat all you can buffet. They literally phagocytose until they physically cannot anymore and then go to the spleen or bone marrow to die. They also allow macrophages to consume them and thus pass on the antigens for antigen presentation which influences further immune response. But they can also cause a lot of damage, especially if cytokine storm happens and they completely lose control. This is what causes SARS and it can kill you if it’s severe enough.
Biologically speaking, neutrophils are very important because they are the first ones to come to the sight of infection and their crazy methods usually finish the things before they get too severe. They themselves produce cytokines that mobilize macrophages and dendritic cells so that more immune cells can join and help them. They also have a role in repairing the tissues they damaged.
However, other immune cells, including macrophages and killer T cells, simply don’t cause as much damage. Neutrophils just go all out, which is why they live for such a short period of time compared to their colleagues (they live for only few days, compared to macrophages who can live up to a month and lymphocytes who can live for months, even years).
So, yeah, my boyfriend and I have concluded (at 4AM this morning) that neutrophils are so feared because they damage tissue, go crazy and violently kill healthy cells by accident, then consume them and that’s not by accident, it’s a mechanism to repair tissues.
I can’t believe I wasted whole night just for this. My boyfriend is also disappointed. But I hope that we finally have an explanation for this mystery. Tell me what you think lol.
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8589350/
https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2017.105
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820392/#:~:text=Neutrophils%20contribute%20to%20tissue%20injury,detail%20here%20(Kruger%20et%20al.
why is everyone on ao3 so afraid to write reboot Dante x reader? I just want to give this man a respectable kiss on the cheek but no?
how dare you.
MOMMYS HOME WITH MILK 🥛 😋
HI how it's going! 👏👏👏I'll be home today (from my trip but not until later the day.) so here's what to expect throughout the week.
one or 2 gif sets, 3 edits etc etc-
and some videos that I wanna test out but that won't be until later !
and maybe if your lucky one...fanfic? (yes I write)
that's what I have planned bc im happy to spam you. bye-bye 🤪👌
Big gift for a lot of people
Boxer Pomni belongs to @burrotello
Carnival Pomni belongs to @sm-baby
Ragamaster! Pomni belongs to @milezperprower
Horror Pomni belongs to @storminatorxd
Mafia Pomni belongs to @cna-enterprise
Plushie Pomni belongs to me!
Bartender Pomni belongs to @nebulaickiwi
Another Mafia Pomni belongs to @artistkun
This Pomni belongs to @void-hoodie
Madness Pomni belongs to @ahtqueenuwu
Dance Rush Pomni belongs to @theamazingdigitaldancerush
Dating sim Pomni belongs to @ QueerdoTheWeird on twitter
Harlequin Pomni belongs to @tadc-harlequin-au
And another mafia Pomni belongs to @antisquare
Programmer Pomni belongs to @hysteriastrikes
Comedy Horror Pomni belongs to @spitinsideme
Mythical Pomni belongs to @void-hoodie
Shelter Pomni belongs to @samicarabarbaru2137
Horror Land Pomni belongs to @dhl-au
Toy Pomni belongs to @nobody-nexus
Wonderland Pomni belongs to @endomentendo
Freakshow Pomni belongs to @kookydoodleky
Barista Pomni belongs to @fenrir-fox
Circus of Hell belongs to me
cherry
pairing: good boy!heeseung/bad girl!reader
genre: rich kid au, 80s au, smut with fluff and plot
warnings: dom!reader, sub!heeseung, smoking (cigarettes), alcohol consumption, prep school is mentioned but reader and heeseung are both of age, very brief mention of vomit, oral sex (m. and f. receiving), loss of virginity, there is some secondhand embarrassment in this but i swear it’s cute, reader calls hee “baby” literally all the time, the rest of enhypen are in this (and so are K and EJ from iland lmao)
word count: 15k
a/n: this is the longest fic i’ve ever written 😵💫 i also made a playlist to listen to while i wrote this so here it is if you want to listen while you read
masterlist here
You’d always felt the urge to destroy perfect things.
When you were five years old, you smashed your fist into your perfectly-decorated birthday cake. In elementary school, you ran your bike through the pristine flowerbed in front of your parent’s church. Three summers ago you used sewing scissors to cut off your hair simply because the pastor of that church told you it looked pretty.
Nothing was meant to be perfect, including people, though the residents of your town seemed to disagree. They loved to play pretend, to brag to each other about their new boats and cars, their son’s acceptance to Yale, or their daughter’s to Harvard. They loved to bask in the abundance of their wealth during the day, and then drink themselves to death at night. The most miserable people have the prettiest lives.
So you took it upon yourself to let the true colors of everybody else shine through you. Sure, you were an absolute mess, but at least you were an authentic one.
And you were determined to find a perfect boy and turn him into a mess for you. Your most ambitious project to date.
Continuar lendo
also, I don’t know if I’m cute or not,
like, people keep saying that I’m cute,
but I don’t believe them
the sickness is really getting to me but i will always fight through to deliver some bean angst
feast
[ep: Earth and Lunar FACE OFF! in VRChat (LAES)]
Cute things to call your boyfriend 🥰😘
Clotpole 💖
Dollopead ✨
Turnip-head 🥺
Cabbage-head 💫
Idiot 🌹
Useless toad of a servant 💘
Girl's petty coat 🔥
Buffoon 😇
Royal Prat 💋
Bone Idle Toad 🌺
the millionaire and his lover | jjk
⇒ summary: over the course of your lifelong friendship with jungkook, you can’t say that you’ve ever had the greatest ideas, and a fake relationship with the boy you’ve been in love with for years is no exception.
⇒ self-gratuitous ceo au, friends-to-lovers, and fake relationship trope rolled into one big shitstorm of a jungkook fic
⇒ pairing: jungkook x female reader
⇒ word count: 18k
⇒ genre: fluff, angst, and light smut
⇒ warnings: alcohol mentions, smut
⇒ a/n: hello all! i wanted to kickoff my writing on this blog with a bang, so here’s a longish fic on my wildest dreams.
Keep reading
posts that make me want to rip my heart out part 5
Sometimes the youtube algorithm is right
was feeling bored and used myself as a drawing reference then ended up with this
Purple ver. & w/out overlay below
Been listening to Fan behavior by Isaac Dunbar, and just for some reason its giving me certain vibes.
I mean just look at these lyrics.
Tell me it doesn't give off a villain that just is enjoying that the protagonist's attention while also giving back that attention in turn?
Be back when I put this in a proper playlist.
Zagreus handing Achilles a nectar: “I just want to give you this, to thank you for all that you have done for me. You’ve been like a father to me.”
Achilles: “Oh lad, I-“
Hades loudly from the next room over, clearly meaning to be heard: “Cerberus you are like the son I never had.”
